How Canadians Govern Themselves

Canada is a democratic country where citizens play an important role in choosing their leaders and shaping how the country is governed. The Canadian system of government is based on democracy, the rule of law, constitutional principles, and respect for rights and freedoms. Understanding how Canadians govern themselves is a key part of the Canadian Citizenship Test and an essential part of becoming an informed citizen.

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Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy

Canada is a constitutional monarchy, which means it has a monarch (the King or Queen) as Head of State, but the monarch’s powers are limited by the Constitution and exercised according to democratic rules.

• The Monarch is King Charles III

• The monarch is represented in Canada by:

  • The Governor General at the federal level

  • Lieutenant Governors in each province

Although the monarch is the symbolic head of the country, real political power lies with elected officials.

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Canada: A Parliamentary Democracy

Canada also has a parliamentary democracy, meaning citizens elect representatives to Parliament who then make laws and govern on their behalf.

Key features include:

• Free and fair elections

• Secret ballot voting

• Majority rule with protection of minority rights

• Accountability of government to Parliament

The political party that wins the most seats in an election usually forms the government.

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The Three Levels of Government

Canada has three levels of government, each with its own responsibilities.

1. Federal Government

The federal government is responsible for matters that affect the whole country, such as:

• National defence

• Immigration and citizenship

• Foreign policy

• Criminal law

• Currency and banking

• Indigenous affairs

The federal government operates from Ottawa, the capital of Canada.

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2. Provincial and Territorial Governments

Provinces and territories manage areas that directly affect daily life, including:

• Education

• Health care

• Natural resources

• Transportation

• Municipal institutions

Each province has its own legislature and premier.

How Canadians Govern Themselves Questions

3. Municipal Governments

Municipal governments handle local matters such as:

• Public transportation

• Police and fire services

• Local roads

• Libraries and community services

Mayors and councillors are elected by local residents.

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The Constitution of Canada

Canada’s system of government is based on the Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.

The Constitution includes:

• The Constitution Act, 1867

• The Constitution Act, 1982

• The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

No law can override the Constitution.

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The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The Charter protects fundamental rights and freedoms, including:

• Freedom of expression

• Freedom of religion

• Freedom of peaceful assembly

• Equality rights

• Democratic rights

• Legal rights

Governments must respect these rights when creating laws.

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The Branches of Government

Canada’s government is divided into three branches to prevent abuse of power.

1. Executive Branch

The executive branch carries out laws and runs the government.

Key members:

• The Prime Minister

• The Cabinet

• The Governor General

The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons.

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2. Legislative Branch

The legislative branch makes laws.

It consists of:

• The Monarch

• The Senate

• The House of Commons

Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to the House of Commons. Senators are appointed.

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3. Judicial Branch

The judicial branch interprets and applies laws.

• Courts are independent from government

• Judges ensure laws follow the Constitution

• The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court

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Elections in Canada

Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives.

Key facts:

• Federal elections are held at least every four years

• Citizens aged 18 or older can vote

• Voting is voluntary but strongly encouraged

• Elections are run by Elections Canada

Voting is both a right and a responsibility.

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Political Parties

Political parties present ideas and policies to voters.

Major roles:

• Nominate candidates

• Develop policies

• Form government or opposition

Opposition parties hold the government accountable by questioning its actions in Parliament.

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The Role of Citizens

Canadians govern themselves not only by voting but also by:

• Participating in community activities

• Contacting elected officials

• Joining political parties

• Running for office

• Respecting laws and democratic values

Active citizenship strengthens democracy.

How Canadians Govern Themselves Questions

Responsible Government

Canada follows the principle of responsible government, meaning:

• The government must have the confidence of the House of Commons

• If it loses confidence, it must resign or call an election

• The executive is accountable to elected representatives

This system ensures transparency and accountability.

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Rule of Law

The rule of law means:

• Everyone is subject to the law

• No one is above the law

• Laws are applied equally and fairly

This principle protects citizens and maintains order.

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Peace, Order, and Good Government

Canada’s political tradition emphasizes peace, order, and good government, reflecting stability, cooperation, and respect for authority.

This contrasts with other countries that focus on revolution or conflict.

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Conclusion

Canadians govern themselves through a democratic system built on constitutional principles, elections, and respect for rights and freedoms. By choosing representatives, obeying laws, and participating in civic life, Canadians help shape their country’s future.

Understanding how Canada is governed is essential for the citizenship test and for becoming an informed and responsible citizen.